Camshafts are rotating shafts with precisely shaped lobes—cams—that control the opening and closing of engine intake and exhaust valves. Located within the cylinder head(s), camshafts dictate valve timing and lift, directly impacting engine performance characteristics. They are driven by the crankshaft via a timing belt, chain, or gears, ensuring synchronized operation. Camshafts can utilize various lobe designs—including single, dual, or variable valve timing (VVT) configurations—to optimize airflow for specific engine speeds and loads. Construction typically involves hardened steel alloys with precisely ground cam profiles and journals for durability and accurate valve actuation.