Engine electronics encompass the sensors, actuators, and control modules responsible for optimizing combustion and engine performance. These components are integrated throughout the engine, intake, and exhaust systems to monitor operating conditions and adjust parameters like fuel injection, ignition timing, and valve control. Key features include precise analog and digital signal processing, robust communication via CAN bus or similar networks, and increasingly sophisticated algorithms for emissions control and efficiency. Modern systems utilize microcontrollers and flash memory for calibration data and adaptive learning strategies. Failures often manifest as drivability issues, diagnostic trouble codes, or performance degradation detectable via scan tools.