Fenders are exterior body panels encompassing the wheel wells, protecting vehicle components from road debris, water, and mud. Typically constructed from steel, aluminum, or composite materials, they mount to the vehicle’s unibody or frame via welding, bolting, or riveting. Fender designs integrate mounting points for headlights, grilles, and other ancillary components, necessitating precise dimensional accuracy for proper fitment. Variations include front and rear fenders, sometimes offered as complete assemblies or separate sections for impact damage repair. Modern fenders increasingly incorporate aerodynamic features and sensor integration provisions.